A subject on mailing liste Zooarch about ivory give us the reference of a website in complement of that one here under the title ’Guide d’identification de l’ivoire et de ses substituts’.

It’s a guide realised and presented by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service National Forensics Laboratory: http://www.lab.fws.gov/ivory.html

Species examined :
 Elephant and Mammoth,
 Walrus,
 Sperm Whale and Killer Whale,
 Narwhal,
 Hippopotamus,
 Warthog.

A published version is also available:
 E.O. Espinoza, M.J. Mann, Identification guide for ivory and ivory substitutes, 2nd ed., World Wildlife Fund and Conservation Foundation, Baltimore, 1992.

As a supplement, our collègue S. Hamilton-Dyer gives us two useful references:
 Penniman, 1952, édité par le Pitt Rivers Museum, ’Pictures of Ivory and other Animal Teeth Bone and Antler’.
 O. Krzyszkowska, 1990, ’Ivory and Related Materials’.

Barry W. Baker give us a bibliographic list that could be very useful : Recent Ivory Identification Papers.

 R.H. Brody, H.G.M. Edwards, A.M. Pollard, Chemometric methods applied to the differentiation of Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivories, Analytica Chimica Acta 427 (2001) 223-232.

 H.G.M. Edwards, R. H. Brody, N. F. N. Hassan, D. W. Farwell, S. O’Connor, Identification of archaeological ivories using FT-Raman spectroscopy, Analytica Chimica Acta 559 (2006) 64-72.

 H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, Ivory and simulated ivory artifacts: Fourier transform Raman diagnostic study, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 51 (1995) 2073-2081.

 H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy of ivory: II. Spectroscopic analysis and assignments, Journal of Molecular Structure 435 (1997a) 49-58.

 H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivory. III: identification of mammalian specimens, Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53A (1997b) 2403-2409.

 H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of ivory: a non-destructive diagnostic technique, Studies in Conservation 43 (1998) 9-16.

 H.G.M. Edwards, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy and application of chemometric methods for the differentiation of contemporary ivory specimens I: elephant and mammalian species, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 37 (2006) 353-360.

 H.G. Edwards, S.E. Jorge Villar, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, S. O’Connor, D.M. Charlton, Ancient biodeterioration: an FT-Raman spectroscopic study of mammoth and elephant ivory, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 383 (2005) 713-720.

 D.C. Fisher, J. Trapani, J. Shoshani, M. Woodford, The Schreger pattern in mastodon and mammoth tusk dentin, Current Research in the Pleistocene 15 (1998) 105-107.

 R. Kautenburger, J. Wannemacher, P. Müller, Multi element analysis by X-ray fluorescence: a powerful tool of ivory identification from various origins, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 260 (2004) 399-404.

 W.D. Lambert, The microstructure of proboscidean ivory and its application to the subordinal identification of isolated ivory specimens, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 45 (2005) 521-530.

 E. Morgante, P. Villa, Enforcement methods and tools for the elephant ivory, in: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo (Eds.), The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 577-580.

 M. R. Palombo, P. Villa, Schreger lines as support in the Elephantinae identification, in: G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo (Eds.), The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 656-660.

 E.J. Raubenheimer, M.C. Bosman, R. Vorster, C.E. Noffke, Histogenesis of the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), Archives of Oral Biology 43 (1998) 969-977.

 M. Shimoyama, H. Maeda, H. Sato, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive discrimination of biological materials by near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics: discrimination among hard and soft ivories of African elephant and mammoth tusks and prediction of specific gravity of the ivories, Applied Spectroscopy 51 (1997) 1154-1158.

 M. Shimoyama, S. Morimoto, Y. Ozaki, Non-destructive analysis of the two subspecies of African elephants, mammoth, hippopotamus, and sperm whale ivories by visible and short-wave near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics, The Analyst 129 (2004) 559-563.

 M. Shimoyama, T. Nakanishi, Y. Hamanaga, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Non-destructive discrimination between elephant ivory products and mammoth tusk products by glancing incidence X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques 16 (1998) 175-182.

 M. Shimoyama, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive discrimination of ivories and prediction of their specific gravity by Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics, The Analyst 128 (2003) 950-953.

 J. Trapani, D.C. Fisher, Discriminating proboscidean taxa using features of the Schreger pattern in tusk dentin, Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (2003) 429-438.

For the determination of archaeological ivories we can contact Francois Poplin (poplin@mnhn.fr) from the National Museum of natural History of Paris. He’s an expert on this topic.