Une discussion sur la mailing liste Zooarch a fait ressortir un site en plus de celui qui fait l’objet d’un article ici sous le titre Guide d’identification de l’ivoire et de ses substituts.

Il s’agit d’un guide réalisé et présenté par l’U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service National Forensics Laboratory : http://www.lab.fws.gov/ivory.html

Les ivoires examinés sont :
 Eléphant et Mammouth,
 Morse,
 Cachalot et Orque,
 Narval,
 Hippopotame,
 Phacochère.

En complément, notre collègue S. Hamilton-Dyer a signalé deux ouvrages utiles :
 Penniman, 1952, édité par le Pitt Rivers Museum, ’Pictures of Ivory and other Animal Teeth Bone and Antler’.
 O. Krzyszkowska, 1990, ’Ivory and Related Materials’.

On pourra consulter la très utile liste proposée par Barry W. Baker : Recent Ivory Identification Papers.

 R.H. Brody, H.G.M. Edwards, A.M. Pollard, Chemometric methods applied to the differentiation of Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivories, Analytica Chimica Acta 427 (2001) 223-232.

 H.G.M. Edwards, R. H. Brody, N. F. N. Hassan, D. W. Farwell, S. O’Connor, Identification of archaeological ivories using FT-Raman spectroscopy, Analytica Chimica Acta 559 (2006) 64-72.

 H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, Ivory and simulated ivory artifacts : Fourier transform Raman diagnostic study, Spectrochimica Acta Part A : Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 51 (1995) 2073-2081.

 H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy of ivory : II. Spectroscopic analysis and assignments, Journal of Molecular Structure 435 (1997a) 49-58.

 H.G. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier-transform Raman spectra of ivory. III : identification of mammalian specimens, Spectrochimica Acta Part A : Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 53A (1997b) 2403-2409.

 H.G.M. Edwards, D.W. Farwell, J.M. Holder, E.E. Lawson, Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy of ivory : a non-destructive diagnostic technique, Studies in Conservation 43 (1998) 9-16.

 H.G.M. Edwards, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, Evaluation of Raman spectroscopy and application of chemometric methods for the differentiation of contemporary ivory specimens I : elephant and mammalian species, Journal of Raman Spectroscopy 37 (2006) 353-360.

 H.G. Edwards, S.E. Jorge Villar, N.F. Nik Hassan, N. Arya, S. O’Connor, D.M. Charlton, Ancient biodeterioration : an FT-Raman spectroscopic study of mammoth and elephant ivory, Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 383 (2005) 713-720.

 D.C. Fisher, J. Trapani, J. Shoshani, M. Woodford, The Schreger pattern in mastodon and mammoth tusk dentin, Current Research in the Pleistocene 15 (1998) 105-107.

 R. Kautenburger, J. Wannemacher, P. Müller, Multi element analysis by X-ray fluorescence : a powerful tool of ivory identification from various origins, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 260 (2004) 399-404.

 W.D. Lambert, The microstructure of proboscidean ivory and its application to the subordinal identification of isolated ivory specimens, Bulletin of the Florida Museum of Natural History 45 (2005) 521-530.

 E. Morgante, P. Villa, Enforcement methods and tools for the elephant ivory, in : G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo (Eds.), The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 577-580.

 M. R. Palombo, P. Villa, Schreger lines as support in the Elephantinae identification, in : G. Cavarretta, P. Gioia, M. Mussi, M. R. Palombo (Eds.), The World of Elephants, Proceedings of the 1st International Congress, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy, 2001, pp. 656-660.

 E.J. Raubenheimer, M.C. Bosman, R. Vorster, C.E. Noffke, Histogenesis of the chequered pattern of ivory of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), Archives of Oral Biology 43 (1998) 969-977.

 M. Shimoyama, H. Maeda, H. Sato, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive discrimination of biological materials by near-infrared Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics : discrimination among hard and soft ivories of African elephant and mammoth tusks and prediction of specific gravity of the ivories, Applied Spectroscopy 51 (1997) 1154-1158.

 M. Shimoyama, S. Morimoto, Y. Ozaki, Non-destructive analysis of the two subspecies of African elephants, mammoth, hippopotamus, and sperm whale ivories by visible and short-wave near infrared spectroscopy and chemometrics, The Analyst 129 (2004) 559-563.

 M. Shimoyama, T. Nakanishi, Y. Hamanaga, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Non-destructive discrimination between elephant ivory products and mammoth tusk products by glancing incidence X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, Journal of Trace and Microprobe Techniques 16 (1998) 175-182.

 M. Shimoyama, T. Ninomiya, Y. Ozaki, Nondestructive discrimination of ivories and prediction of their specific gravity by Fourier-transform Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics, The Analyst 128 (2003) 950-953.

 J. Trapani, D.C. Fisher, Discriminating proboscidean taxa using features of the Schreger pattern in tusk dentin, Journal of Archaeological Science 30 (2003) 429-438.

Pour la détermination des ivoires archéologiques on peut contacter Francois Poplin (poplin@mnhn.fr) du Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris qui possède une grande expertise sur le sujet.